Results
Presentation on the 5 year action research program called WASHCost. Central to the program is the full life cycle cost approach of water and sanitation services. The different aspects of thisapproach are highlighted.
This presentation looks at cost benefit analysis from a health economic perspective. When upgrading a system to multiple use different health issues - including sanitation- related to water quantity and quality need to be taken into account.
Introduction to the discussion points of the expert day. Setting the stage and agreeing on definitions. How can cost benefit analysis provide a good evidence base for promoting MUS.
The Canzee Hand pump is an inexpensive yet reliable and easy to maintain pump, ideal for small communities. After two years of trials, Winrock International asked its developer to suggest an even simpler design which could be made from locally sourced materials and offered for sale to private households. A prototype pump was made in September 2009, and over the following months a further fifty units will constructed and marketed.
The Canzee pump has been developed with easy maintenance in mind so with an understanding of how the pump works and how plastic pipes can be glued together, it should be possible for it to be maintained and repaired by the villagers themselves. Some jobs, for example the repair or replacement of the steel pump rod, may need the broken part to be sent away for welding, but apart from that, the pump caretaker should be able to keep the pump functioning indefinitely.
An essential role of the project’s technical staff and maintenance teams when visiting the pumps is to ensure that there is at least one caretaker who is totally familiar with the pump, who has a supply of spare pipe, valve seals, a saw blade and some pvc glue to repair the pump when necessary.
The Canzee Hand pump is an inexpensive yet reliable and easy to maintain pump, ideal for small communities. After two years of trials, Winrock International asked its developer to suggest an even simpler design which could be made from locally sourced materials and offered for sale to private households. A prototype pump was made in September 2009, and over the following months a further fifty units will constructed and marketed.
The Canzee pump has been developed with easy maintenance in mind so with an understanding of how the pump works and how plastic pipes can be glued together, it should be possible for it to be maintained and repaired by the villagers themselves. Some jobs, for example the repair or replacement of the steel pump rod, may need the broken part to be sent away for welding, but apart from that, the pump caretaker should be able to keep the pump functioning indefinitely.
An essential role of the project’s technical staff and maintenance teams when visiting the pumps is to ensure that there is at least one caretaker who is totally familiar with the pump, who has a supply of spare pipe, valve seals, a saw blade and some pvc glue to repair the pump when necessary.
Globally, 1.1 billion people rely on unsafe drinking water sources from lakes, rivers, and open wells. Studies have confirmed that water related diseases not only remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide but that the spectrum of disease is expanding and the incidence of many water related microbial diseases are increasing. Thus, this study was conducted to assess contamination level of water and determine the major sources of contaminants at collection points. Three sites of three springs and four sites of river water from Yubdo-Legebatu PA were selected for this study.
This study is aimed at evaluating the efficiency of slow sand filtration (SSF) in clay pots in removing total and thermo-tolerant/faecal coliform bacteria and reducing turbidity and assessing the contamination level at the point-of-use at home in the central highlands of Ethiopia (Yubudu-Legebatu PAs).
The RAIN Foundation submitted a request for technical assistance on the inclusion of MUS in their rainwater harvesting programme in Ethiopia. RiPPLE, through the HCS, provided such support and recommended the programme to include water for livestock.
Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that affect humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the world and have been highlighted as significant waterborne parasitic pathogens. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of the three parasitic infections among children using protected and unprotected water sources in three rural sites (Legedini, Adada and Legebira) in Dire-Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia from November 2005 May 2006. Single stool specimens were collected from a total of 1894 children under14 years of age and processed for C. parvum using Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Giardia, amoeba and other intestinal parasites were detected using formalin-ether concentration and by direct wet mount methods. Out of 1894 children examined, 225 (11.9%), 719 (38%) and 639 (33.7%) were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, respectively. The prevalence of giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and amoebiasis during wet season sampling was significantly higher than the dry season in all study sites. On the other hand, no difference was observed in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis and amoebiasis between children drinking water from protected and unprotected sources in Legedini and Legebira while in Adada significantly high prevalence was observed for the unprotected. The insignificant difference in prevalence between children using the two water sources indicates the presence of contamination of the drinking water at some point before consumption and also indicates the poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation of the community. The prevalence of giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and amoebiasis in relation to sex group showed no statistically significant difference. On the other hand, lower age groups had a higher prevalence of infection with giardiasis and amoebiasis, and infections with cryptosporidiosis was not related with age. Co-infections were also detected in 25.4% of the study subjects. In addition, other non-pathogenic intestinal parasites such as Iodoamoeba butschilii, Entamoeba coli, Chilomasix mesnelli and Endolimax nana were also detected in the study, which is an indication of fecal contamination of the drinking water source. Providing high quality drinking water may not significantly reduce the incidence of intestinal parasites other factors such as unhygienic and unsanitary situations overwhelm the beneficial effects of protected water sources. In addition untreated protected drinking water sources are not free of the waterborne parasitic pathogens. Therefore, health education in related to personal hygiene and environmental sanitation and cost effective water purification mechanisms such as boiling and chlorination and others will help in enhancing the health and well-being of the community particularly that of children.